17 www.ortrucking.org Issue 2 | 2023 BATTERY MATERIALS DOMINATE BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE (BEV) VIABILITY Tens of millions of tons of cobalt, graphite, lithium and nickel will be needed to replace the existing U.S. vehicle fleet, placing high demand on raw materials. Depending on the material, this represents: • 6.3 to 34.9 years of current global production. • 8.4 to 64.4 percent of global reserves. BEV production has considerable environmental and social impacts: • Mining and processing produce considerable CO2 and pollution issues. • In some operations, a minimum of one million gallons of water must be utilized to produce a single pound of lithium. • Exploitation of labor is common in some source countries. In the near term there are discrete applications for BEV trucks. Local and regional truck operations that rely on shorter trips and return the truck to terminals for nightly charging are feasible today. In the absence of public policies that mandate the purchase of these BEVs, carriers themselves will have to decide if the costs and benefits of a BEV truck fit well with their business models. And those decisions will be conditioned on truck costs, shipper/freight requirements, and access to abundant and inexpensive electricity. Issues arise however if any one or more of these decision-making inputs is not viable. Producing BEV trucks that meet carriers’ operational requirements, including impacts on operations and balance sheets and providing ample charging, must be addressed by the entire supply chain. Utilities must ensure that expanded electrification is feasible as well. It is inappropriate, however, to place these burdens squarely on motor carriers. For a copy of the full report, please visit ATRI’s website at TruckingResearch.org Key Findings Continued TRUCK CHARGING AVAILABILITY WILL BE THE TRUCK PARKING CRISIS 2.0 Using today’s truck and charging requirements, more chargers will be needed than there are parking spaces. Regardless of advances in battery capacity or charge rates, BEV charging will be limited by federal Hours-of-Service rules for drivers and parking availability. Initial equipment and installation costs at the nation’s truck parking locations will top $35 billion, based on average per-unit purchase and installation costs of $112,000. Additionally, to understand the truck parking challenges, ATRI quantified the truck charging needs at a single rural rest area, which would require enough daily electricity to power more than 5,000 U.S. households. Other barriers include laws preventing commercial charging at public rest areas and the remoteness of many truck parking locations. BEV TRUCK CONUNDRUM Battery weight increases price and vehicle range, but decreases cargo revenue weight. Ultimately more BEV trucks will be needed on already congested roadways to haul the same amount of freight. $ VEHICLE COST $$$ VEHICLE COST BATTERY WEIGHT HEAVY BATTERY WEIGHT LIGHT Decreasing Cargo Revenue Weight (lbs.) Increasing Range (Miles)
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